Section 2 presents an overview and comparison of the literature about the modeling of capacitive BCC channel. This paper is divided into five sections. Moreover, different body positions have also been analyzed over the useful frequency range of 1 MHz to 60 MHz for communication distances longer than 50 cm. The analysis, after validation with the measurement results, considers the combined interaction of the capacitive coupler of different types and sizes, the human body (electrophysiological properties of tissues), and the environment to explain propagation loss for complex scenarios.
This paper proposes a systematic efficient full-wave electromagnetic (EM) approach to analyze capacitive BCC channel propagation loss characteristics and the influence of the aforesaid factors. The other factors encompass the difficulties in isolating the earth-grounded instruments during body measurements and design complexity involved in implementing reliable, battery-operated, high data-rate transceivers in the mid-frequency range of 1 MHz to 60 MHz for bit-error-rate (BER) measurements.Īn alternate approach is to rely on circuit based models or analytical or numerical methods to model and analyze the capacitive BCC channel. A number of factors which influence BCC include large variations in the propagation characteristics with different body positions, coupler types and sizes, types of indoor flooring, furniture, and electronic equipment around us. A limited literature about experimental measurements for the propagation characteristics of capacitive BCC channel is available, the limitation being the experimental setup, especially for distances longer than 50 cm. Although different chip solutions have been presented for capacitive BCC, it is not clearly known for how many body positions and for which coupler configuration/sizes, communication distances, environment, and so forth the results have been reported. However, the potential of capacitive BCC for the aforesaid applications could be fully utilized by understanding the realistic interaction of the capacitive coupler, the human body (electrophysiological properties of tissues), and the environment for different scenarios and communication distances.
HUMAN BODY MODEL CST MICROWAVE STUDIO BLUETOOTH
The capacitive BCC has an advantage over other wireless technologies like Bluetooth and Zig-bee in the context of personal area network (PAN) and internet-of-things (IOT) due to lower power consumption and confinement of radiated energy, thus requiring less allocation of special frequency bands for communication. The useful frequency range falls between hundreds of kHz to tens of MHz. IntroductionĬapacitive body-coupled communication (BCC) is considered an enabling short-range wireless technology for the interaction between humans and the smarter ambiance. The estimated propagation loss has been used to investigate the link-budget requirement for designing capacitive BCC system in CMOS sub-micron technologies. The propagation loss has also been explained for complex scenarios formed by the ground-plane and the material structures (metals or dielectrics) with the human body.
The propagation loss is less for arm positions when they are not touching the torso region irrespective of the communication distance. The simulation results show that the vertical coupler configuration is less susceptible to physiological variations of underlying tissues compared to the horizontal coupler configuration. The presented simulation approach is first evaluated for numerical/human body variation uncertainties and then validated with measurement results from literature, followed by the analysis of capacitive BCC channel for twenty different scenarios. Therefore, an alternate efficient full-wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation approach is presented to realistically analyze capacitive BCC, that is, the interaction of capacitive coupler, the human body, and the environment all together.
This is either because of experimental complexity to isolate the earth-ground or design complexity in realizing a reliable communication link to assess the performance limitations of capacitive BCC channel. Measured propagation loss for capacitive body-coupled communication (BCC) channel (1 MHz to 60 MHz) is limitedly available in the literature for distances longer than 50 cm.
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